20 Materials for How to Write a Paper Course terms
[1] H. Ouerdane, Y. Apertet, C. Goupil and P. Lecoeur, "Continuity and boundary conditions in thermodynamics: From Carnot’s efficiency to efficiencies at maximum power", The European Physical Journal Special Topics, vol. 224, no. 5, pp. 839-864, 2015. Available: 10.1140/epjst/e2015-02431-x.
[2] A. Bejan, "Discipline in Thermodynamics", Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 2487, 2020. Available: 10.3390/en13102487.
[3] A. Bejan and G. Tsatsaronis, "Purpose in Thermodynamics", Energies, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 408, 2021. Available: 10.3390/en14020408.
Ambient
adjective
1. relating to the immediate surroundings of something;
2. relating to or denoting advertising that makes use of sites or objects other than the established media (e.g. by placing slogans on the back of bus tickets).
Example: The generation of power from fire and other sources (natural, animal and human) happened because of designs with evident purpose: to move things against the steadfast opposition posed by the ambient [3].
ru: окружающий, обтекающий, охватывающий
Brazenly
adverb
in a bold and shameless way
Example: Its keywords are being pasted brazenly on new concepts, to promote them with no respect for their proper meaning [2].
ru: нагло
Elucidate
verb
make (something) clear, explain
Example: Today, every thermodynamics treatise begins with the laws of thermodynamics (the first and the second) and continues with thick volumes of applications (graphs, tables, and formulas) that teach the reader how to use thermodynamics purposefully, to produce more power to improve human life, and to elucidate natural phenomena (bio and non- bio) that can be put to human use [3].
ru: разъяснять, объяснять, объяснять, освещать
Entropy
noun
A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.
Example: Thermodynamics, entropy, and similar names are pasted brazenly on new concepts in order to promote them, without respect for their proper meaning [2].
ru: энтропия
Formidable
adjective
inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable
Example: Thermodynamics is in our opinion a formidable and fascinating field of modern physics [1].
ru: внушительный, грозный, огромный
Gibberish
noun
meaningless speech or writing, nonsense
Example: Today, thermodynamics is in a difficult situation because of the confusion and gibberish that permeate through scientific publications, popular science, journalism, and public conversations [2].
ru: тарабарщина, невнятная речь
Incur
verb
become subject to (something unwelcome or unpleasant) as a result of one's own behaviour or actions
Example: The discovery and control of nuclear fission at the end of the 1930s had been immediately put to use for military purposes in various countries; but given the tremendous costs this incurred, some governments also had to give way to the development of a civilian nuclear industry, to justify their spending of the public funds to the taxpayers who also happen to be voters [1].
ru: подвергаться, навлечь на себя, навлекать на себя
Pertain
verb
1. be appropriate, related, or applicable to;
2. be in effect or existence in a specified place or at a specified time.
Example: This means that not only its formulation has evolved, improved over time, and still does, but that its formalism and scope continually develops to account for a range of phenomena larger than those pertaining to equilibrium states [1].
ru: относиться, принадлежать, иметь отношение, подходить, подобать, быть свойственным
.
Pillar
noun
a tall vertical structure of stone, wood, or metal, used as a support for a building, or as an ornament or monument
Example: The thermodynamics that in the 1850s joined science serves now as a pillar for the broadest tent, which is physics [2].
ru: столб, столп, стойка, опора, колонна, целик
Quasi-static
adjective
In thermodynamics, it is a process that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal thermodynamic equilibrium.
Example: This formalism also rests on the hypothesis of minimal entropy production, which allows analyses in terms of quasi-static processes [1].
ru: квазистатический
Reciprocal
adjective
1. given, felt, or done in return;
2. (of an agreement or obligation) bearing on or binding each of two parties equally.
Example: The building of nonequilibrium thermodynamics has also benefited from a phenomenological approach, which resulted in the force-flux formalism and Lars Onsager’s reciprocal relations in the early 1930s [1].
Example: Reviewed is the relentless evolution of this discipline toward accounting for evolutionary design with direction, and for establishing the concept of purpose in methodologies of modeling, analysis, teaching, and design optimization [3].
1. the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant;
2. the opportunity or possibility to do or deal with something.
Example: This means that not only its formulation has evolved, improved over time, and still does, but that its formalism and scope continually develops to account for a range of phenomena larger than those pertaining to equilibrium states [1].
ru: рамки, сфера, возможности, масштаб, размах, простор, область видимости, границы, пределы, сфера деятельности, цель
Shoehorn
verb
force into an inadequate space
Example: Yet, as soon as the two laws were announced, scientists sought to shoehorn the new science into the old mechanics doctrine [2].
ru: впихнуть
Steadfast
adjective
1. firmly fixed in place, immovable, not subject to change;
2. firm in belief, determination, or adherence, loyal.
Example: The generation of power from fire and other sources (natural, animal and human) happened because of designs with evident purpose: to move things against the steadfast opposition posed by the ambient [3].
take the place of (a person or thing previously in authority or use), supplant
Example: Some may find improper to relate the adjective “modern” to what is commonly perceived as a dusty 19th century phenomenological construct specifically designed for the making and maintenance of greasy and noisy steam engines, and superceded by the elegant and sophisticated statistical mechanics [1].
ru: заменять, вытеснять, смещать, занимать место
Touchstone
noun
a standard or criterion by which something is judged or recognized
Example: This epigrammatic statement remains as strong as ever: thermodynamics, where applicable, has become a true touchstone for physical theories [1].
ru: пробный камень
Treatise
noun
a written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject
Example: Today, every thermodynamics treatise begins with the laws of thermodynamics (the first and the second) and continues with thick volumes of applications (graphs, tables, and formulas) that teach the reader how to use thermodynamics purposefully, to produce more power to improve human life, and to elucidate natural phenomena (bio and non- bio) that can be put to human use [3].
ru: трактат, курс, научный труд
Unambiguous
adjective
clear, precise unambiguous evidence
Example: Thermodynamics is a discipline, with unambiguous concepts, words, laws, and usefulness [2].
ru: однозначный, недвусмысленный
Undisputed
adjective
not disputed or called in question, accepted
Example: Next, and crucially, it is the undisputed validity of the laws of thermodynamics, which stand the test of time, that makes this field of thermal sciences still so timely [1].